Courses Essays - Curricula, Course, Bachelors Degree,

Courses Good And Bad In colleges there are good and bad courses that people take. Some of them are happy to take those classes and some of them are not, like me. I took many courses from a college and now I can compare which courses are good or which courses are bad. The good courses are the ones that are electives, which you are not required to take. On the other hand, the bad courses are the ones you must take. Those courses that you must take are the general education courses. Which are history, Psychology, Math, Etc. They are bad because you are forced to take those courses but the good classes are the optional courses that you are not forced to take. It gives you comfort when you do not have to do something but you want to do it anyway. I think this is the same with courses too. When you have to do something you do not learn anything but when you want something you learn a lot of things. Bad courses are hard to understand. At least they are hard to understand for me because English is not my first language and does not matter how well I speak or if I know English, I still have problems with it. Especially in history courses. Sometimes I do not understand a word because they are using old English. But in good courses I can understand easily such as computer classes. My major is computer so I know a little bit about computers. It does not matter how much you know because it is always the same. It uses the same language. Time passes so quickly that you do not even understand that the class is finished in good courses because it is enjoyable and easy to understand. In the required courses you start to count the seconds, since you get into the class because it is boring and you have to deal with boring teachers. You don't understand a word that the teacher says. Teachers are so serious that they don't even make jokes or let you talk in the class. They just start lecturing from the beginning till the end of the class. These are the major comparison on the things about the good and the bad courses in college. No matter which college you go to, there will be always two kinds of courses. I feel sorry because I have to take those bad courses although I do not want to.

Some Thoughts on what is to be Done

Some Thoughts on what is to be Done Many books have been written within the concept of development. It is evident from a historical perspective that there have been different perspectives as far as the term ‘development’ is concerned. Gilbert Rist, one of the greatest authors of his time has written very a comprehensive book on development. In his book, ‘The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith’, Rist attempts to vividly make evident that which has not been seen. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Some Thoughts on what is to be Done specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He offers a fierce critique of western models of development, especially those recommended to ‘developing countries’. While he provides a bare account of development, he is not to be considered pessimistic but instead aims to make people aware of the facts of development motives, especially by the western countries. This essay seek s to offer a summary of Chapter 13 of Rist’s book as well as to provide a conclusion from a personal perspective. A number of authors have recommended this book to an overwhelmingly large number of people who would like to understand the forces that have shaped North-South relations for over half a century now. The book has a total of 14 chapters, each with identifiably unique yet related content. In chapter 13, Rist attempts to provide an overview of the preceding chapters with an aim of highlighting important themes brought out in the book. The chapter is entitled, ‘Some Thoughts on what is to be Done’ and widely focuses on ‘development’ as a misrepresented concept. First of all, it points out the Western countries’ misconception of ‘development’ since they provide a misleading definition. From Western understanding, growth or progress should be an ever continuing process (238). The same idea is still perpetrated even to the pr esent and has resulted in a greater division between nations. The West’s aim is to justify its ostensible superiority in all conceivable human achievements. These include; the military activities, technological and economic domination. In order to ensure the penetration of their idea, they constructed and disseminated the concept of ‘underdevelopment’. This hegemony of ‘development’ created a ‘false opposite’ so that countries perceived to be underdeveloped would struggle to catch up (238). However, in order to sound ‘optimistic’, the West introduced the term ‘developing countries’ that only served to reinforce the illusion of attaining material prosperity for all humanity. At the moment, according to Rist, virtually all leaders of states have embraced the ‘development’ paradigm. Everyone is talking about ‘development’ yet in most instances, they all doubt this possibility, individuall y. However, Rist notes that since every belief gets used to periodic uncertainties, they do not alter the mutual consensus attained during socially binding rites (239). Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This tendency takes captive of individual doubts on the precept that everyone else believes what has been collectively agreed upon. As a way of getting nations to demonstrate commitment to the belief, there are several forms of obligatory practices (239). The use of conventional ways of defining and solving problems are used. According to Rist, ‘development’ serves to bring forth inequality and exclusion apart from the need to meet the needs of consumers. He also observes that the gap between North and South is always widening. Similarly, the gap between the rich and the poor in each of the nations is also widening. The continued feeding of the well-of f group only serves to fuel the hopes of attaining the same status by the poor. This dream bars the realization that they are actually being exploited (239). The developing nations have been blinded by the numerous forms of ‘development assistance’ from the well-off nations, albeit the fact the aid barely reaches the target group but instead land on destitute authorities. The essay has offered a summary of Rist’s work from chapter 13 of his book. It has brought out his ideas on how ‘development’ as a concept has been misrepresented by the West at the expense of other countries. We can conclude that Rist’s arguments about development, to a significant extent, have the ability to enlighten people of all categories. It offers a new perspective of looking beneath the surface of every claim and engagements among nations as well as within independent countries. Work Cited Rist, G. The history of development: from western origins to global faith (2n d ed.). Zed Books, 238- 239

Great Depression and the New Deal Research Paper

Great Depression and the New Deal - Research Paper Example The Great Depression had far reaching impact on the economic and political climate of the US. By 1933, unemployment had soared to 25 percent. Industrial production declined by 50 percent as investments fell by 98 percent. Between 1929 and 1932 the income of the average American family was reduced by 40%, from $2,300 to $1,500. Politically, the federal presence came to play an increasing role in the American life, because of various relief projects launched by the government to bring the tottering masses to their feet. The Depression brought about a major realignment of political forces. Politics came to be dictated by the economic conditions. At the height of Depression, people chose the Democrats over the Republicans that had been the dominating party since the Civil War. A new coalition consisting of big-city ethnics, African Americans, and Southern Democrats committed, to varying degrees, to interventionist government came into being. In the 1930 elections, Democrats took control of the House of Representatives. Republicans lost control of the Senate in 1932. The shadow of the Depression dominated American political life for decades. The dominance of Democratic Party in the House of Representatives, Senate, and the White House continued for the next 50 years. The presidential elections of 1932 were held in the backdrop of the Great Depression. During the election campaign, Democratic candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt castigated the incumbent Herbert Hoover for being unable to contain the downward spiral of the economy.

Organization of nazarene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organization of nazarene - Essay Example nternational headquarters was in Kansas City, Missouri, since 2008 the location of Global Ministry Center is Prairie Star Parkway, Lenexa, Kansas (Ingersol 65). The Church puts together congregational and Episcopal policies to come up with the ‘representative’ government. The feature that is silent in this structure is the power that is shared between the clergy and the people as well as between the denomination and the local church. The Assembly acts as the supreme doctrine creating, lawmaking, and one with the elective authority according to the constitution of the church (Ingersol 87). It is made up with representatives from denomination’s district worldwide. General Superintendent is the highest elected office. The local church is the basic unit of organization and it can either be church type mission or an organized church. Local congregations are divided administratively into geographical districts. The Church is usually associated with higher education; it provides college/university (students), faculty leadership, administrative, and spiritual and financial support. The church college/university is an important part of the church and a fraction of every local church’s and district budget is put towards Nazarene higher

Alcohol Use in Micronesia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alcohol Use in Micronesia - Essay Example Today, alcoholism is a major issue that calls for international attention and input to try and manage. This paper evaluates the culture Truk, Marshallese, and Palau, and compares them to identify distinct differences and similarities to generate a hypothesis. Prior to the Japanese administration, chewing of betel nut was common, until the Japanese introduced alcohol and it is now a part of their traditional and modern day occasions except house parties intended for financial exchanges (Nero 1990). The Palaun’s today are associated with high drinking capacities. This drunkenness is linked to increased wife-beating which is today more common than ever for this culture. Abuse origin is thought to be the administration of the Japanese who introduced corporal punishment as a mode of discipline and for violence against women by their husbands, and increased drunkenness amongst Palauan’s men resulting to high Palauan aggressiveness. Chuuk culture is located in Moen Island where alcohol abuse is a common practice that originated from United States immigrants, embedded into Trukese cultural system, and perpetrated by their cultural attitudes and values (Mac 1979). Additionally, Trukese marriage stability occurs with age where men become less violent and are only alcoholics unlike youngsters who drink and engage in fights. Trukese are alcohol abusers identified through destructive conduct and aggressiveness and fights. These drunkards are mostly identified as high school dropouts, and unemployed wage workers (Mac 1979: 134). The Marshallese people are located in Moen islands and originally consumed alcohol in during transition of young males to manhood. However, bottled alcohol or liquor was introduced to them by Americans resulting to changes in youth ethos to take charge of their own affairs and not blindly following the community elders (Carucci 1949: 147). Alcoholism amongst Marshallese unmarried

Management of Product Recall Issue in Food Business

Management of Product Recall Issue in Food Business Running Head: The Case of Nutritional Foods INTRODUCTION With many companies experiencing issues when it comes to public relations need major assistance changing time to time. Some given products are prone to a major loss of consumer trust given their nature, and food products are undoubtedly topping the list. Some given products are prone to a major loss of consumer trust given their nature, and food products are undoubtedly topping the list. Expectations of consumers when it comes to issues pertaining food safety is high, and they can rebel against taking in a product which shows signs of not being safe. Such situation is as the one facing Nutritional Foods with reports arising from different County Health officials of a possible food poisoning crisis. The procedure the company takes in the fallout of a possible case of food poisoning can wholly determine where a company’s future is headed to. CASE OVERVIEW The Nutritional Foods Inc. is experiencing possibly one of the most hard to deal with crisis, a company in its stated sector of work might have actually faced. With the reports arising from different counties about the claims of a possible food poisoning of consumers, with little kids reportedly affected. The company mandated two mangers to go survey the first two counties in which the first cases were reported, with two more managers being sent to the other two counties were same cases arose. Much information was sought out by the company, with aims to determine the batch numbers of the supposed products with the problems. On the same day at 7pm, more problems were reported and the company resorted to pulling back all of the batches of the products in context, from consumers yet to consume them and also from retail shops yet to sell them. A crisis Action committee meeting was convened early the next morning and considerations about inputting more steps towards redemption were stated . ETHICAL DILEMMA/ISSUE Ethical issues are very common in the corporate sector. Fred, who was the owner of a highly respected fresh juice producer company that specializes in the production of nutritional foods found himself in the wrong side of law when the firm’s apple products were targeted with poisoning claims. If I was the company consultant at the time, I would have detailed knowledge of tackling issues revolving around non pasteurized products, product distribution process and how the company’s growth and success is dependent on acceptance by consumers. If was working there at the time, I would be proactive when handling such issues by devising contingency plan that would mitigate these dilemmas before they arise. If I was privileged to be CEO of this company, I would have enforced fundamental measures that would ensure there is integrity in all the standard operating procedures of the firm. If my firm and integrity were put on the spot, I would form a philosophy encouraging pro-active ness. If the allegations are confirmed, I would remove all products from the company storage for further investigations to determine the cause and call a press conference to discuss the issue at hand with the public. The public have to be made aware that the company is worried about everyone and it is not only focused on profitability. The company can depict ethics when it convinces everyone that it will maintain safety and health standards. If the company does not adhere to ethical practices to consolidate its market base, it will have a bad reputation of producing contaminated products and this may taint its image in future. ALTERNATIVES The company has issued a recall of the product that has been affected, but is depending on primarily on the media to get the information to the public. The company may possibly carry on with that technique, since it estimates that almost 80 percent of the newspapers contain the story, however it may not be smart to presume that the consumers will obtain news in that manner and that manner only. The company is required broad in distributing the information not limiting it to just newspapers. An additional matter that needs to be addressed is how the company should treat victims of the poisoning. The company may decide to give no reimbursement to victims willingly, however as an alternative wait until the source of the poisonings is determined and whether the company is going to be held legally responsible. Instead of making a public proclamation offering reimbursement to victims, Nutritional Foods could approach victims confidentially and propose to pay their medical bills, or facilit ate in any way required. This kind of help could be kept a secret from the journalists and media and contracts could be made with each victim so they know not to speak of it. RECOMMENDATIONS Nutritional Foods Inc. is to take action to relay information, involving the recall of the dispatched products through various channels of the media. With such measures, the company will be enhancing their nearly spoiled reputation and also make strides towards ensuring that many of its targeted consumers get this information about the recall of its products. This whole step towards recall will be based on the ethical principle standards which states that a good for many must always come first, and that the public disposal of information through the use of web pages will indicate clearly the company’s intention of not wanting to hide the information from the consumers, making this an important component of the Ethical behaviors in business (Manuel, 2008). When it will be publicly known that an existing organization will do whatever to its ability to ensure all of its customers are protected from matters or issues that arise concerning their products. On my recommendations towards compensation of the affected, I would urge Nutritional Foods Inc. to get in touch with the victims on a one to one basis and reach an agreement on how they will compensate them and also settle their medical bills. This given approach despite of who is responsible for food poisoning is the ethical of choice (Manuel, 2008). Consumers who in our case bought the unpasteurized products with total confidence in us, and as a company obtained a good rep of natural foods which are of quality to the public. Nutritional Foods Inc. should establish best how they will compensate the affected consumers who were part of the food poisoning crisis. Given it is a company on the rise, its chances of surviving is high if it takes the stated procedures and executes them well to avoid making it look messier. FUTURE IMPLICATIONS for RECOMMENDATION The company is poised to make a good image of its products, regaining the confidence it had bestowed on its base of consumers ensuring there’s no conflict of interest or hostility between them and the consumers. Other businesses in the same industry won’t try to take advantage of the situation at hand facing Nutritional Foods Inc. maintaining the healthy relation existing in the market. Other industries will stick to the good ethics of carrying out business and will follow suit in terms of conveying information to their consumer’s in-case of any errors made by them concerning their products. CONCLUSION The expectation of consumers is that the food they consume is safe, and furthermore those who buy the unprocessed organic foods anticipate elevated level of safety and health. Nutritional Foods has tackled this predicament well so far, but a lot more still needs to be done. The company must keep on performing and running in the prospect of the public, giving as a great deal of information as it can about the conditions and keeping everyone up to date as to the cause and what Nutritional Foods is doing about it. The company also needs to evaluate its internal processes to make sure that it has a working environment where moral behavior is expected and guaranteed. Reference Manuel, N. (2008). A framework for ethical decision-making. Available at  http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html. Accessed 17 February, 2014.

Hamlet :: English Literature Essays

Hamlet Hamlet wants to wipe his memory clean, as one would erase a slate. All of the images he has of his mother and uncle are insignificant to him now in the face of their betrayal. He will erase those images in his memory so as to not be deceived again. With his memories erased, Hamlet will be able to properly avenge his father's murder. There are many images of sickness, disease, wickedness, blemishes on the body, and other loathsome things that are metaphorically descriptive or the unwholesome condition of Denmark. Examples of this are on most pages. A few examples are found in the following places: 3.4.43 4.5.18 3.4.74 1.4.27 ACT IV, SCENE 4, LINES 28-30 "This is th' impostume of much wealth and peace, That inward breaks and shows no cause without Why the man dies." Hamlet is talking to Fortinbras' captain about the land, which has been symbolically given to Norway to prevent them from invading Denmark. This statement is however, also descriptive of Hamlet's own condition. The events that have caused his madness fester inside him like an abscess or tumor. The cause is unseen by others though it is destroying him inside. THEME ANALYSIS The true nature of Hamlet's madness has been an issue of debate for scholars over the centuries. One theory is that Hamlet's madness was for his own protection. In the time period in which Hamlet would have lived, governments functioned through the usage of intricate spying networks. In Hamlet's Denmark, no one is permitted to go unwatched. Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and Polonius are all sent to spy on Hamlet at various times. Polonius meets his death in the process. When Hamlet discovers the atrocity committed by his uncle, he wishes for revenge. In that time, it would have been quite natural to take matters into his own hands. In order to keep his plans secret; he cannot let on that he knows of the crime. Since he is constantly being spied upon and having his actions and words reported to Claudius, he must act enigmatically. Shakespeare puts Hamlet into a situation in which he must deal with the betrayal and murder of his father by his own family members. Communication of feeling is done solely in monologue or through the reports of a third party, or spy. Hamlet must use the player's performance to observe the reaction of Claudius because the topic of the death of King Hamlet is not acceptable discussion material.

Single Mothers

Just Mom and the Kids More than one fourth of all children in the United States live with only one parent (Healthy Children). Single mothers and their children face a variety of financial and emotional complications on a day-to-day basis. Though single motherhood can be just as satisfying as sharing these experiences with a partner, there are unique difficulties to its situation. Single Motherhood is when a mother is raising a child without the support of spouse. Around half of today's mothers will spend some time as a sole custodial parent (Legal Momentum).Statistics say around forty-five percent of single mothers have never been married (Legal Momentum). That meaner fifty-five percent of single motherhood is due to divorce, abandonment, or death of a husband. The reasons why American women are increasingly becoming single mothers are teen pregnancy, father disappearances, adoption and the biggest of all, divorce (Webster University). Of three people interviewed two single motherhoo d were due to divorced and one was by choice of never being married. Single motherhood is less ideal and leads to extreme amounts of stress.Epidemiological rivers show that single mothers have low levels of self-satisfaction and high levels of anxiety and depression compared to other mothers (Social Science Computing Cooperative). Not being able to provide for your child, going through a divorce or death of a husband and dealing with the behavior of the kids are causes of a single mother's stress. When explaining how she copes with her situation Veronica Williams says, â€Å"It was rough, really rough, trying to manage all they have going on and fitting it in day to day. It was stressful at times, but I took it one day at time did what I could o† (Williams).The depression and stress also can come from all the household tasks, everyday Jobs, and errands the mothers have to take care of on a day-to-day basis. Their responsibilities are overwhelming for one person. Single mother s have a great amount of weight on their shoulders with finances, house keeping, and parenting with no help from a spouse. Veronica Williams, a single mother of two young children, explains the biggest financial burden in her family is childcare. â€Å"Finding child care for my children is a financial burden it can be so expensive, but it's something I need to o in order to work.I have to get money to raise them† (Williams). Having a spouse there to help maintain finances for the family would take a load of weight off of the single mother. A mother has to perform responsibilities that would traditionally be a father's Job, for example; taking out the trash, caring for the law, home repairs and vehicle maintenance. They often look to their children for help around the house. When asked about how her children helped around the house Veronica said, â€Å"They're much younger so they can't do much, but keep their toys picked up.House keeping ill be a little easier when they can help though†(Williams). Looking to the children for assistance around the house is not an option for single mothers when the children are so young. As the children get a little older they become more helpful and responsible. Christine Wilson, is a teacher and single mother of a fifteen year old daughter, when asked about managing housekeeping she explains, â€Å"My daughter is able to complete household chores like washing the dishes, dusting the furniture, well when money is involved† (Wilson).Since the 20th Century children with single others were sent out to work earlier than those who had both parent's in their lives (Gordon, Pitied but Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare, 1890-1935). As the child gets older the single mothers have a little more help around the house, but whom do they have to turn to for help with parenting? Parenting is extremely difficult without a spouse to turn to for advice, assistance, and comfort.Children of single mothers have a significant amount of responsibilities to take care of, because their mothers especially need help when she is raising the child (Kids Health). The extra responsibilities can bring a lot of stress to the child in that situation. These stressful situations can lead children to sleeping disorders, self- esteem issues, and drug and alcohol abuse. Its only normal for children of single mothers to think about what it would be like if their parent's were still together.Single parent children are more likely to have emotional or behavioral problems. Children of single mothers also are more likely to have low self esteem, use drugs or commit suicide (Wisconsin Fathers). Single motherhood often leads to excessive tress and responsibilities for the children in the family. When asked about how she coped with her parent's divorce eighteen-year-old student, Miracle Hawkins said â€Å"l was young so I didn't really understand it, but now it doesn't really bother me. It's probably better that they aren't together anyway.It's actually a life lesson for me. My mother shows me how to be a strong, independent woman and I feel like if they were together I wouldn't have realized some of the things I know now. It helped me to mature much quicker than friends who aren't living with single mothers†(Hawkins) Having only one parent in a child's life forces them to grow up much faster than a child whose parent's are still together. Through observations, interviews, and research it is concluded that single motherhood is a difficult task not only for the mother, but for their children as well.The financial and emotional problems and responsibilities it comes with are overwhelming for a mother with children. Single motherhood is not an ideal lifestyle, however it is manageable for hard working and dedicated mothers and their kids. While at the Thurman Brisbane Center I observed some of these hard working and dedicated mothers and their children. The Thurman Brisbane Homeless Center provides a variety of programs and services to assist individuals and families who are homeless.Since 2000, Thurman Brisbane Center has provided residential services to more than 15,000 individual men, women and children (Thurman Brisbane Center). When volunteering at the Thurman Brisbane Homeless Shelter I organized arts and crafts, instructed, talked, and played games with the children living in the shelter. I realized the children learned differently depending on their family situation. I deiced that certain children were more independent, than others. The weekend of Valentine's Day the project of the day was to make Valentine's Day cards for their family.There were two little girls, Gabby and Raven, they both were five years old, but had very different personalities. I then wondered if that had anything to do with the parenting of the children. Gabby was very quite and shy and didn't ask for any help when we were creating our Valentine's Day cards. She colored a picture of her mother, her brother and herself. Gabby spelled everything without any help from me. Ere family. She asked for help drawing hearts on her card and she asked me to help her with spelling when she was writing in her card.After talking and observing the girls a little more, I learned Gabby mother was a single mother living at the shelter with only Gabby and her older son. I then learned that Raven's father, mother, and older sister were also living at the shelter with her. These two girls helped me to understand that family situations can make huge impact on personality of a child. Working at the Thurman Brisbane Homeless Center has helped me improved my rebel communication skills, develop more patience, and it taught me valuable Job skills.Before I started working at the homeless shelter, I considered myself a shy person when communicating with people I didn't know. After volunteering for approximately five months, I became more comfortable and confident with myself and with com municating with others. When you learn and practice patience you don't get as irritated, stressed or overwhelmed. Working with young kids requires tons of patience, mainly because you have to explain and re-explain, especially when they re young, Just so they can understand. After working with the kids on a few Sundays I have developed that patience I needed.I learned how to talk in a tone that they would listen to and understand and how to take deep breaths to try to relax when I found myself getting impatient. Working at the shelter taught me valuable Job skills such as, commitment, organization, and active listening. I committed myself to working at the shelter for two hours every other Sunday. Although, there were times when I would have preferred to go to the mall or go to the movies, I knew I had mad a commitment to myself and the staff at the shelter to be there. I was determined to finish the Job I started.Another Job skill I improved on at the Thurman Brisbane Center was or ganization and creativity; I had to come up with ideas for arts and crafts to do with the children at the shelter. Each day we brought entertaining activities for them to do and often awarded them with candy, popcorn, and other prizes for the good awesome art projects they created. The activities and projects were based on the upcoming holidays or the current season. In October, for Halloween time the kids and I made fake ghost and decorated bags for them to put their trick-or-treating candy.During Thanksgiving holiday we made colorful turkeys out of brown paper bags and construction paper. In January our projects consisted of designing snowmen, snowflakes and mittens all out of construction paper. As mentioned before during the month of February we made Valentine's Day cards for families and friends. Before going to the Thurman Brisbane shelter I had to assure I was prepared and organized to make sure the day went smooth. Based on my lesson I had to make sure I had all he art suppl ies and prizes I would need for the day.I had to focus on what they kids liked, didn't like, and their personalities so I could try to relate to them better and develop relationships with them. I now realize that active listening skills are critical when working with anybody. Working at the Thurman Brisbane Center was very beneficial not only did it help with my research project, but it also helped me to develop mentally. Seeing the grins on the kids faces when we came with activities and candy for them made volunteering worthwhile. I was glad to have made a difference in the lives of the children.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and the Narrative Therapy model Essay Example

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and the Narrative Therapy model Essay Example Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and the Narrative Therapy model Essay Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and the Narrative Therapy model Essay The CBT Model and the Narrative Therapy model Name: Institution: The CBT Model and the Narrative Therapy model One application of the Cognitive Behavioral Theory that might be used by a pastor in counseling or a therapy session is the A-B-C model (Yarhouse, 2008). In this approach, the family therapy works with individuals in the family to increase awareness on how irrational beliefs and distortions caused by certain actions or events serve as the foundation for their emotional distress. Through this approach, the family therapist can make the individuals in the family understand how the activating events (A) in a family relationship precede beliefs (B) that lead to consequent emotions (C). This approach can identify with the Christian family because it is in harmony with the principles of Christianity, which emphasize on the need to be aware of the consequences of one’s actions (Yarhouse, 2008). In conclusion, the beliefs in the A-B-C approach do not refer to the beliefs in Christianity; instead, they refer to beliefs that are activated by negative actions or events set in motion by an individual’s actions. I would use the A-B-C model because it applies the assumptions set in the behavioral family therapy model with an additional emphasis on an individual’s thoughts. This model puts the individual’s mental action into consideration by exploring its influence on an individual’s behavior (Yarhouse, 2008). To apply this model in counseling or a therapy session, a therapist simply adds cognitive components to the behavioral family therapy model. These cognitive components are usually in the form of irrational thoughts. With the cognitive components in place, the process of applying this model will be a systematic process that begins with formal assessment to determine the functional analysis and the baseline in the situation. Afterwards, the therapist will apply this technique in an attempt to arrive to a solution while putting into consideration the family’s beliefs (Yarhouse, 2008). The narrative therapy model does not put into consideration the ideas and thoughts that are derived by Christian families from the Holy Bible. This therapy model puts more emphasis on individual stories from families as compared to cultural narratives, which have been dominant for years and generations passed. This has been mainly because of postmodernism, which allows this theory to brush away any form of universal truths drawn from religious contexts (Yarhouse, 2008). Although the narratives from dominant cultures may appear far-fetched in their theoretical claims and philosophical commitments, this family therapy model is not correct in its assumption. It is preposterous to attempt to reduce a strong culture like Christianity into a mere perspective in the realm of family therapy. One cannot justify the denial of the existence of metanarratives with postmodernism because they would be contradicting themselves by unknowingly classifying postmodernism as a metanarrative at the same time (Yarhouse, 2008). In my opinion, there are many reasons as to why the narrative family therapy model can never fit into the Christian framework. For instance, this model will always challenge the fundamental beliefs and principles that Christianity has been built on and preserved for centuries and generations. Furthermore, the post modernistic approach in this model fails to provide room for the interaction between Christianity and other fields of study like science (Yarhouse, 2008). To many Christian families, the meaning of life is derived from a combination of Christianity and other forms of study that attempt to unravel the mystery behind life’s countless phenomena and an attempt to server such a relationship will always be futile. In conclusion, Christianity has always drawn a clear line between good and bad. Therefore, the failure of the narrative family therapy model define in detail what differentiates a dysfunctional family from a functional one adds to the reasons why this model will never fit into a Christian framework. Reference Yarhouse, M. A., Sells, J. N. (2008). Family therapies: A comprehensive Christian appraisal. Downers Grove, Ill: IVP Academic.

African American History and Women Timeline 1870-1899

African American History and Women Timeline 1870-1899 [Previous] [Next] Women and African American History: 1870-1899 1870 15th Amendment to the US Constitution gave the right to vote without regard to race, color, or previous condition of servitude but the Amendment did not apply to African American women (or any other women) Susan McKinney Stewart, an early African American woman physician, received an M.D. from the New York Medical College and Hospital for Women 1871 (October 6) Fisk University Jubilee Singers began their first-ever national tour, singing gospel music to raise money for the University 1872 (April) Charlotte Ray admitted to the Washington, DC, bar; she graduated that year from Howard University Law School 1873 Sarah Moore Grimke died (abolitionist, womens rights proponent, sister of Angelina Grimke Weld) 1874 1875 (July 10) Mary McLeod Bethune born Civil Rights Act of 1875 outlaws discrimination in public accomodations (invalidated in Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896) 1876 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes ended Reconstruction by withdrawing US Army troops from the South 1878 1879 Mary Eliza Mahoney graduated from the nursing school at the New England Hospital for Women and Children, Boston, becoming the first African American professional nurse Angelina Emily Grimke Weld died (abolitionist, womens rights proponent, sister of Sarah Moore Grimke) 1880 (October 20)  Lydia Maria Child  died (abolitionist, writer) (November 11)  Lucretia Mott  died (Quaker abolitionist and womens rights advocate) 1881 Tennessee passed first Jim Crow laws Sophia B. Packard and Harriet E. Giles founded Spelman College, the first college for African American women 1882   (September 8)  Sarah Mapps Douglass  died 1883 (November 26)  Sojourner Truth  died (abolitionist, womens rights proponent, minister, lecturer)   Mary Ann Shadd Cary  became the second African American woman in the United States to earn a law degree 1884   Mary Church Terrell  (then Mary Church) graduated from Oberlin College (activist, clubwoman) (January 24)  Helen Pitts  married Frederick Douglass, setting off controversy and opposition to their interracial marriage 1885 (June 6)  ALelia Walker, daughter of  Madam C.J. Walker, born (activist, executive, Harlem Renaissance figure) Sarah Goode received the first patent awarded to an African American woman 1886 1887 1888 1889 (January 28) Prudence Crandall died (educator) 1890 Emma Frances Grayson Merritt (1860-1933) established the first U.S. kindergarten for African American students   The House of Bondage, a collection of slave narratives, published, written by former slave Octavia R. Albert   Clarence and Corinne or Gods Way  published by the American Baptist Publication, the first Sunday School book written by an African American Janie Porter Barrett founded the Locust Street Settlement House in Hampton, Virginia 1891 newspaper  Freedom: a Revolutionary Anarchist-Communist Monthly  founded by  Lucy Parsons 1892 Anna Julia Cooper published  Voice of the South, writing of the status of African American women   Hallie Brown  served as lady principal (dean of women), Tuskegee Institute President Benjamin Harrison entertained by Sissieretta Jones (singer) Frances Ellen Watkins Harper published  Iola Leroy: or Shadows Uplifted Patent issued for an ironing board invented by Sarah Boone (January)  Bessie Coleman  born (pilot) - or 1893 (October)  Ida B. Wells  published  Southern Horrors: Lynch Law and in All Its Phases, beginning her public anti-lynching campaign (-1894) many African American womens clubs were founded for race and womens progress New York City (Victoria Earle Matthews)Brooklyn (Susan McKinney)Boston (Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin) 1893 World Columbian Exposition largely excluded African Americans. A few African American women spoke at the fairs Womens Congress on The Intellectual Progress of Colored Women of the US Since Emancipation: Fannie Barrier Williams spoke on the responsibility of white men for sexual exploitation of African American women. Anna Julia Cooper and Fanny Jackson Coppin also spoke.Ida B. Wells, Frederick Douglass, and Ferdinand Barnett wrote The Reason Why the Colored American is Not in the Columbian Exposition. African Methodist Episcopal Church founded the Womens Home and Foreign Missionary Society publication of  The Autobiography of Amanda Berry Smith, AME Evangelist Fanny Kemble died (wrote about slavery)   Lucy Stone  died (editor, abolitionist, womens rights advocate) (April 13)  Nella Larson  born (writer, nurse) (June 5)  Mary Ann Shadd Cary  died (journalist, teacher, abolitionist, activist) (-1903)  Hallie Brown  served as professor of elocution at Wilberforce University 1894 Sarah Parker Remond died (anti-slavery lecturer whose British lectures probably helped keep the British from entering the American Civil War on the side of the Confederacy) National Association of Colored Women began publishing  The Womans Era Gertrude Mossell published  The Work of the Afro-American Woman 1895 National Federation of Afro-American Women founded by about 100 women from ten different states, the first national federation of black womens clubs. Margaret Washington was elected the first president. Founders included Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin,  Mary Church Terrell, Fannie Barrier Williams   Ida B. Wells  published  Red Record, a statistical study of lynching Frederick Douglass died (abolitionist, womens rights activist, lecturer) 1896 National Federation of African American Women and the Colored Womens League merged into the National Association of Colored Women, selecting  Mary Church Terrell  as president (March 18) Supreme Court in  Plessy v. Ferguson  upholds Louisiana law segregating railway cars, invalidating the Civil Rights Act of 1875, and leading to the passage of many more Jim Crow laws (July 1)  Harriet Beecher Stowe  died (writer) (July 21) National Association of Colored Women formed;  Mary Church Terrell, president 1897 Harriet Tubman won pension for her Civil War military service Victoria Earle Matthews founded the White Rose Mission to provide aid to Southern black women moving to New York City Phillis Wheatley Home for Aged Colored Ladies founded by Fannie M. Richards in Detroit the first of many named for the poet  Phillis Wheatley  to provide housing and services for single African American women in large cities Charlamae Rollins born (writer, librarian)   A Slave Girls Story  published, autobiography of Kate Drumgold   Marita Bonner  born (writer, teacher) 1899   Maggie Lena Walker  became head (Right Worthy Grand Secretary) of the Independent Order of St. Luke Society, which she helped transform into an effective philanthropic society in Richmond, Virginia [Previous] [Next] [1492-1699] [1700-1799] [1800-1859] [1860-1869] [1870-1899] [1900-1919] [1910-1919] [1920-1929] [1930-1939] [1940-1949] [1950-1959] [1960-1969] [1970-1979] [1980-1989] [1990-1999] [2000-]

Why car seat belts should be a law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why car seat belts should be a law - Essay Example Research suggests that making seat belt use a primary offense does not result in reduced death rates, enforcement of law to wear seat belts in the car can adversely influence behavior, and risk is an individual factor, hence enforcement of seat belts only affect the external behavior posing higher risk to others including cyclists, pedestrian and other drivers. Proponents of imposing penalties for not using seat belts claim that increasing penalties increases the usage of seat belts, studies suggest otherwise. Even though states treating seal belt usage a primary offense reported that seat belt was used 74% of the times and those as a secondary offense reported usage at 61% times, these data do not prove that usage of seat belts has led to decreased traffic injuries and fatalities. No jurisdiction that has passed a seat belt law has shown evidence of a reduction in road accident deaths (Kopel, 1999). It is important to note that some people wear seat belt with or without enforcement of law. In 1996 in New York, when non usage of seat belt was a primary offense, it was observed that despite 74% usage, 46% of its fatally injured car occupants were wearing seat belts. In Iowa, with 75% usage of seat belts 50% of its fatally injured car occupants were wearing seat belts. Wyoming had no primary law enforcing seat belt usage but 72% usage was re ported. Thus, these data amply suggest that imposing penalties and treating seat belt usage a primary offense has not known to reduce accidents. Secondly, people would use seat belt even if no law is enforced. Enforcement of law to use seat belt in the car can adversely affect human behavior. In a study, when subjects who normally did not wear seat belts, were asked to do SO, they were found to drive faster, followed closely and braked later (Kopel). People who are naturally cautious would wear seat belts voluntarily. When reckless people are forced to wear seat belts, they drive more recklessly. According to Robertson,

Discuss the usefulness and problems with contingency theories in Essay

Discuss the usefulness and problems with contingency theories in understanding organisational structure. How relevant can they b - Essay Example It is relevant to consider development of contingency theory and its application to organizational structure in order organizations’ managers had an opportunity to develop flexible approaches to organizational structural development. Therefore, contingency theory is an alternative for organizations looking for solution of their current problems and tending to structural changes. A basic conceptual framework of contingency theory is a phrase â€Å"it depends† (Donaldson, 2001). Therefore, any managerial solution should be made with regard to the external factors of a certain situation in an organization. Moreover, a great role in establishing organizational structure plays nature of the environment of organization. In accordance with the contingency theory: â€Å"there is no one best way to organize; any way of organizing is not equally effective† (Galbraith, 1973). In case a perfect relation between nature of organization, external environment and organizational characteristics is established, an organization is on the right way to performance. Such kind of match is called a ‘contingency theory’ or ‘contingency perspective/view’ (Donaldson, 2001). Studies of organizational structures in relation to external conditions of organizations’ operation resulted in studies based on the contingency theory. ... In the study made by Burns and Stalker (1961) mechanistic and organic principles of organizations were discussed. In organizations, where mechanistic principles prevailed, top managers developed a policy. Such kind of organizations was characterized by inflexible policies and rigid decision making. Luthans (1973) develops the idea of relation of contingency theory to management theory. Before theory developed by Luthans management theories were not related to each other. For example, process theory was based on planning, organizing, directing, and controlling (Donaldson, 1996). In order to find a perfect balance between management theories, contingency theory was a unifying approach defining interrelatedness and mutual dependence of all integrative parts of management theories. This approach was broadened and resulted in a â€Å"theoretical model of Structural Adaptation to Regain Fit (SARFIT)† (Donaldson, 1987, 2001). This model can be interpreted in the following manner: in case an organization finds a best relation between internal and external resources, it reaches high performance levels. It is a right way to reach size growth, introduce innovations and diversification (Hamilton and Shergill, 1992). Contingency variables may lead to organizational misfit to external factors. As a result, levels of performance are decreased and structural changes are introduced (Chandler, 1962). SARFIT theory implies consideration of structural contingency theory as relation between divisionalization changes and strategic changes. Bums and Stalker (1961) are focused on â€Å"discussion about changes in mechanistic and organic structures with regard to technological and market change in the external conditions† (Bums and Stalker, 1961).